فصلنامه فناوری آموزش
سال شانزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 63، تابستان 1401)

Today, traditional and old methods of teaching and learning are losing their effectiveness with the advent of new technologies and methods. Learners need to find new ways to transfer knowledge and enhance learning to keep up with the ever-changing environment around them. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of mobile education on students' learning, concentration and academic satisfaction. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and quasi-experimental with Pre-test and - post-test plan with control group. The statistical population includes 56 medical students of Kerman Azad University which at first were examined through a test in relation to the relevant course content and focus and those with lower scores were selected from 44 people. Then they were randomly divided into two groups of control (22) and experimental (22). The two groups were also homogenized as much as possible in terms of semester, age, and level of learning and concentration. In this way, an educational video about the mentioned lesson, including theoretical and practical cases, was sent to student in 7 sessions through WhatsApp space, and in session 8, questions and answers were done through WhatsApp and SMS service.The research tool included a learning questionnaire in which 35 questions related to the curriculum were prepared by the relevant teacher, Savari and Oraki Concentration Skills Questionnaire (2015) which consists of 13 items and two factors called voluntary concentration and involuntary concentration The voluntary concentration subscale consists of 8 items The non-voluntary concentration subscale consists of 5 items. In order to determine the reliability of the above-mentioned questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha method was used. The coefficients were 0.74 for the whole questionnaire and 0.72 for the subscale of voluntary concentration skills and 0.70 for involuntary concentration skills and a researcher-made academic satisfaction questionnaire consisting of 11 items And by asking the opinion of 10 professors in terms of content and face validity was confirmed and its reliability was determined by Cronbach's alpha 0.85 and by retest 0.82. Data collection was performed in two stages before and after the training of the entire content, the experimental group received training in 8 sessions of 2 hours,Descriptive and inferential statistics in the form of tables and figures as well as Manova test, analysis of covariance-Levin test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were used to analyze the data. The results showed that mobile education has an effect on students' learning, concentration skills and academic satisfaction. This means that mobile education can increase students' learning, concentration skills and academic satisfaction. In fact, this type of education due to its availability, portability and easy access to the content at any time can be a good way to teach different educational topics to students. Mobile learning also allows people to access learning content anytime, anywhere. Individuals can also access valuable educational materials that enhance their learning quality and academic satisfaction. And due to the high flexibility of this type of education, students can learn according to their circumstances and based on mental readiness, which in turn prevents distraction and reduces interfering factors in concentration.

The creation of an educational system that has the potential to educate students to live in a world which is constantly changing is one of the fundamental goals of education in developed societies, so it is not surprising that many educational systems decide to use modern educational technologies to achieve an advanced system. One of the reasons for the efficiency of advanced educational systems is that they study teaching and learning methods and always use the best and most effective methods. Therefore, it is predicted that using augmented reality as an emerging tool to promote innovation in conventional educational systems can facilitate the achievement of educational goals. On the other hand, multimedia designing principles in the digital educational applicatins is very important and must be considered in augmented reality design. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the use of conversational education style and formal education style in augmented reality on the learning rate of natural science course for eighth-grade high-school students.

The statistical population of the study included eighth-grade schools of Alborz province in the academic year 2020 – 2021; and the students of three classes were assigned into two experimental groups and one control group. The research metod was experimental by pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The experiment group was trained by the augmented reality application aids in formal style and another experiment group with augmented reality application in conversational style and a control group with the convetnitonal instruction. The measurement instrument was a experimental science achievement test and its validity was assessed by teachers and educational technology experts.

The results of ANCOVA test showed that there was a significant difference among the scores of the control, conversational education and formal education groups on learning of experimental sciences (F=133.13, p <0.05); and thtat the use of a conversational teaching style compared to the conventional teaching had a significant effect on learning. The difference between the mean scores of the control group and the two groups of conversational education and formal education was significant (p <0.05). The use of both formal and augmented reality teaching styles was more effective as compared to the control group and led to better learning of experimental sciences in eighth-grade high-school students. Also, the difference between the mean scores of the formal education group and the conversational education group was significant (p <0.05); and the use of an augmented reality conversational teaching style was more effective than the formal teaching method and led to better learning of the experimental sciences.

According to the collected data and the results of the analyzes, the learning outcomes of the group trained with augmented reality application in the form of formal education were significant with the control group. On the other hand, the results of the comparison of the group that received training from the augmented reality application in the style of dialogue training with the control group were significant. Also, the results of comparing the group that was trained with the augmented reality application in the style of conversational education with the group that were trained with the augmented reality application in the style of formal education were significant and, in general, the use of conversational style was more effective for learning.

With the advent of e-learning, the educational perspective has changed. Following these changes and the separation of learners by the e-learning courses, a sense of isolation and alienation has been created  which has even become a threat to learning in these courses. The dropout rate from e-learning courses is about 40% compared to that of 10% in university courses; In other words, more than 50% of learners drop out of online training centers. Challenges related to erosion and dropout have made student retention a determining factor in academic rankings, and this ranking ultimately supports credibility, academic rank, and the most important criteria for success for higher education institutions; therefore, the sense of presence was considered as an important factor because with the proper implementation of the sense of presence in the e-learning environment, not only the dropout rate was reduced but also it led to better learning of the learners. Therefore, the present study focused on translating  and validating  the Presence Questionnaire version 3 (PQ3) so that for the first time in Iran, by examining the factor structure, validity and reliability of the Presence Questionnaire tool, it can be used in various contexts of virtual learning environments.

The statistical population of this descriptive study included all students participating in virtual learning courses of Tehran universities in the academic year of 1399_1400 (2020-2021). Among these students, 330 Master’s and  PhD students were chosen through simple random sampling method. They responded using Witmer and Singer Presence Questionaire [26 but only 200 questionaires were analyzable.

Based on the results of exploratory factor analysis by principal component method, four main factors (that is, involvement, sensory support, interface quality, and adaptation/immersion) were extracted and selected according to the number of eigenvalues above 1. These four factors, with the power of 89.7 percent, explained the change in the total presence in virtual learning environments. The results of Cronbach's alpha test which was used to evaluate the reliability of the test showed that the whole tool enjoys a desirable consistency (0.98). The results of Cronbach's alpha for subscales ranged from 94.0 to 97.0. The results of confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate the construct validity showed that the questionaire structure had an acceptable fit with the data and all goodness indicators confirmed the suitability of the model.

Based on the results of the second order confirmatory factor analysis, the factors of involvement, sensory support, adaptation/immersion, and interface quality explained 69, 65, 89, and 71 percent of the variance of presence in virtual learning environments, respectively. Thus, the obtained results indicate the validity, reliability, and acceptability of the structural factors of the translated version of the presence questionaire  to be used in researches related to virtual environment among Iranian learners.

E-learning is a method for designing, , editing, presenting, and evaluating education that utilizes electronic capabilities and facilities to aid learning that educational institutions and learners have welcomed over the past three decades. However, because of the COVID-19 epidemic, e-learning has become the focus of wider public and political attention. Therefore, the study of learners' behavior in confrontation with e-learning and its various dimensions have been taken into consideration. In this research, the authors investigate the factors affecting the user's continued use of e-learning by utilizing the Information Systems Success Model and Flow Theory.

The present study is descriptive-correlative in terms of data collection method and applied research in terms of purpose. The variables of this research have been studied using a standard questionnaire. Furthermore, in this study, sampling was done using designed questionnaires distributed and filled out both online and physically among virtual students admitted to three universities in 2019 and before that (Tehran, Allameh Tabatabai, and Alzahra) located in Tehran. Finally, about 450 questionnaires were distributed in person and electronically among the virtual courses’ students of these three universities among which 23 questionnaires were either not returned or returned without answers, and about 30 cases were deleted due to being incomplete. On the whole, data from 390 questionnaires were analyzed in this study. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS software.

The results of this study indicate complete confirmation of the four hypotheses and their significance (T-Value more than 1.96) and complete rejection of the four hypotheses (T-Value less than 1.96). Approved hypotheses include confirming the positive and significant effect of information quality on user satisfaction, service quality on user satisfaction, enjoyment on user satisfaction, user satisfaction on user, information quality on user intention, system quality on user intention, and enjoyment on user continues continuous intention to use e-learning systems. According to this analysis, the most influential factor in the user's continued intention to use e-learning systems is the user's enjoyment of using the e-learning system. In addition, enjoyment has the most significant impact on user satisfaction. The hypotheses that have not been confirmed include the effect of system quality on user satisfaction, the effect of concentration on user satisfaction, the effect of service quality on the user’s continued intention to use e-learning systems, and the effect of concentration on the user continued to use e-learning systems.

In this study, the researchers have evaluated and studied the main components affecting the subject of the study in the context of e-learning in Iran, specifically among students of virtual courses at three universities in Tehran. Researchers have identified satisfaction as the key factor influencing the user's continued intention to use e-learning systems. So, the researchers have have identified and studied the factors affecting user satisfaction in using e-learning. The satisfaction variable is considered as a mediating variable, and its impact on the user's continued intention to use e-learning systems has been examined. Among the factors affecting user satisfaction, information quality, service quality, system quality, enjoyment, and concentration have been studied. According to the results, system quality and concentration did not affect user satisfaction. Also, service quality and concentration on the user's continued intention to use e-learning systems have not been significant.

Farhangian University, by changing the attitude of student-teachers to the issue of education  as well as raising the level of specialized knowledge and professional skills of student-teachers, including the use of technology in all areas  can make fundamental improvements in educational approaches, curricula and methods of better education for students. In the meantime,  since mathematics  is one of the main courses for students in all levels of education, so special attention should be paid to the teachers who are responsible for teaching this course in both elementary and high school. On the other hand, one of the basic skills for the success of a math teacher in all areas of education, training, administration and professional development is the skill of familiarity with and application of technology. The integration of information and communication technology in the curriculum, especially in mathematics, and evaluating its effectiveness has always been one of the common concerns of those involved in the educational system; Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of graduates of mathematics education at Farhangian University in terms of technology application from the perspective of managers based on the model of John Wales and Joseph Bundy.

The  research method, based on the applied purpose and data collection , was a descriptive survey type and the statistical population included  57 graduates of mathematics education at Farhangian University who  had  started teaching in schools of North Khorasan province in the academic year of  2017 to 2019. Due to the limited statistical population, all 57 people were evaluated in this study. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the evaluation axes of John Wales and Joseph Bundy models and was collected and completed  by school principals. After confirming the validity of the questionaire, its reliability was found to be 0.95, using Cronbach's alpha. In inferential statistics section, the t-test was used to analyze the data and generalize the results using SPSS - V23 software.

The findings of the study showed that graduates of the field of mathematics education at Farhangian University had a good performance in terms of using technology from the perspective of school principals in five of the six components of the model of John Wales and Joseph Bundy (that is, improvement and training, professional growth, human  relations,  administrative affairs, curriculum planning) and their performance score in these five components was higher than the average, but in another component (that is, assessment), they  did not have a good performance and their performance score in this component  was  lower than the average..

It can be concluded that the quality of performance of the graduates of mathematics education   from Farhangian University of North Khorasan has been favorable on average in terms of technology application from the perspective of school principals based on the model of John Wales and Joseph Bundy in a total of six components of improvement and training, professional growth, human relations, assessment,  administrative affairs, and curriculum planning. . On the other hand, due to the low score obtained in the evaluation component, it seems that more attention is paid to providing the course of "assessment and evaluation of learning mathematics " based on the skills of applying new technologies. Moreover, holding workshops on technology application  in the field of assessment  will help the graduates in the field of mathematics to achieve more familiarity and better performance in this area.

The outbreak of the Coronavirus posed a serious crisis to commercial and educational organizations and institutions. In the face of such a crisis, the transition from face-to-face to virtual education was one of the strategies of educational institutions, especially schools, and this caused increased additional work pressure on teachers as one of the pioneers of the teaching-learning process. Thus, in the face of such a situation, school leadership plays a very effective role in increasing the efficiency of individuals and reducing the tensions caused by rapid environmental changes. One of the leadership styles that can help school leaders achieve this is to use of an ambidextrous leadership style. Ambidextrous leadership is a new type of leadership style that consists of two different spectrums of leadership behaviors and uses open and closed leadership behaviors in a balanced and complementary way to deal with environmental changes. Ambidextrous leadership is related to increasing organizational agility and performance and means the ability to use both hands with the same power. Ambidextrous leadership can have many effects on self-efficacy, job attitude, etc.; so, the research on the effect of this style of leadership has been considered by many researchers in recent years. Given the lack of research on this style of leadership, especially in educational settings in Iran, the need for doing such a study was felt. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ambidextrous leadership on teachers' job satisfaction and stress in virtual education with the mediating role of psychological empowerment.

To achieve this aim, the researchers used the correlational research method by structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study included all primary school teachers in Takestan city. Considering the uncertainty of the actual number of teachers, we selected the maximum sample size (335 teachers) by using simple random sampling. Data collection was performed by using the ambidextrous leadership style questionnaire, the psychological empowerment questionnaire, the job satisfaction questionnaire, and the job stress questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by the statistical technique of structural equation modeling (confirmation path analysis) and Pearson correlation test in two statistical software SPSS and AMOS.

The findings of the study indicated the open leadership style on empowerment (0.637) had a significant and positive effect, the closed leadership style on empowerment(0.365) had a significant and positive effect, the empowerment variable on job stress (0.313) had a significant and negative effect, the closed leadership style on job stress (0.314) had a significant and negative effect, the open leadership style on job stress (0.449) had a significant and negative effect, the empowerment variable on job satisfaction (0.224)had a significant and positive, the closed leadership style on job satisfaction(0.350) had a significant and positive, the open leadership style on job satisfaction (0.235) had a significant and positive, also the job stress on job satisfaction (-0.327) had a significant and negative effect. Findings also revealed that the closed and open leadership style had an indirect and significant effect on job stress and job satisfaction through the empowerment variable, and the empowerment variable had an indirect and significant on job satisfaction through the job stress variable. In addition, the measurement and fit indices of the model also indicated the desirability of the model.

Overall, the results of the study showed that by using both ambidextrous leadership and empowerment in schools, we can reduce teachers' job stress and subsequently increase their job satisfaction. Therefore, this style of leadership can be used as a useful tool for effective leadership in schools.

Relying on e-learning in higher education is not a newly emerging phenomenon and has always been considered as a supplementary learning environment. But with the sudden outbreak of the Corona epidemic, the higher education system was shocked. Although the quality of this learning environment has been continuously assessed before, the main question is whether what was said before the Corona epidemic about the quality of e-learning and its capabilities is true in this era in which it is the only teaching and learning environment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the quality of virtual education provided at Farhangian University during the Corona epidemic by relying on measuring the attitudes of educators and students in different fields of study.

In this research, the sequential mixed method was used. In order to collect quantitative data, two separate questionnaires were used for educators and students, which contained 15 and 19 questions, respectively, which measured their attitudes based on a Likert scale of five options. The original version of the educators' questionnaire was developed by Dillon and McLean [39] and the questionnaire developed by Patriot et al.,[40] was used for the students. In this study, the statistical population consisted of 713 students and 89 educators working in Farhangian University of Markazi Province. Participants in this study were selected through convinient sampling method. The questionnaires were distributed among 317 students and 36 educators from the departments of elementary education, counseling, special children education, physical training, English language and Persian literature, theology and information technology. After data collection, one-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. In addition, to collect qualitative data, interview questions were designed based on the results of quantitative data analysis, followed by interviews with 22 students (14 women and 8 men) and 12 students (6 men and 6 women). One of the volunteer educators participated in the interview from the above-mentioned training groups. After recording the interview sessions and implementing it, they were coded and categorized.

It was shown that the educators of different educational disciplines had a positive attitude and high satisfaction with virtual education in this period and there was no difference between the educators of different educational departments in this regard. However, the results showed that students generally had a negative attitude and low satisfaction with virtual education and there was a significant difference between their attitudes according to their field of study. To find out the reasons for these findings, the researchers decided to conduct a semi-structured interview. After analyzing the content of qualitative data obtained from interviews with educators and students, relying on the method of guided qualitative content analysis, it was found that the factors related to the virtual and multimedia education environment as well as participatory learning in shaping educators' attitudes and students is important. Similarly, in addition to these factors, the third factor, which is related to independent learning, played a role in shaping their attitudes and their level of satisfaction with education.

This research showed how much educators and students can have different opinions. Because, while the educators participating in this study had a positive attitude and satisfaction with virtual education at Farhangian University, students generally had a negative attitude towards it during the corona epidemic. Based on the findings of this study, qualitative data, multimedia education tools and insufficient use of group and participatory education have been the main weaknesses and the main causes of negative attitudes and relative dissatisfaction of students, as well as content design and curriculum. Lack of encouragement for students to learn independently was another reason for this dissatisfaction. According to the results of this study, it is suggested that in order to implement virtual education optimally, in addition to knowledge and skills, teachers should have a positive attitude and firmly convey this attitude to students. In addition, it is necessary to have adequate monitoring of the factors of school users (teachers), ICT, interface design (virtual education system), management, human-organizational resource support and evaluation during the course.

The need for performance and autonomy in problem-solving styles of learning English grammar for students in the current knowledge-based world is essential. Therefore, the present study aimed to improve it under the flipped learning pattern.

The present study is applied and quasi-experimental research. The statistical population consisted of 380 people in a purposeful and accessible manner among all students registered in the Aladdin English Short-Term Specialized Training Center between 2018 and 2020. The criterion for selecting language learners was random substitution and exclusion criteria were the pre-test and post-test questionnaires where learners did not fully answer the questions or some items. Finally, the participants were 220 people divided into two groups, control (N=110) and experimental (N=110). To collect the required data, Cassidy & Long's (1996) problem-solving questionnaire was used with 24 questions set on a three-point scale (yes, no, and I do not know) measuring six factors. Participants in the control and experimental groups first completed the questionnaire as a pre-test. Then, the instructor used the usual teaching methods in the control group, which all instructors in language centers use Flipped classroom method was implemented in the experimental group. The instructor used this method for 16 months in 10 courses (5 courses for each experimental and control group). Each course consisted of 39 sessions of 90 minutes (58.5 hours), two sessions per week, or 20 sessions of 180 minutes (60 hours), one session per week held only on fridays by one instructor. The instructor asked students some questions about the previous lesson to measure their' knowledge and solve their problems at the beginning of the new session and took a pre-test based on the content of the new session. Researchers utilized a repeated measurement test and T-test of a sample to answer the research questions.

Findings indicated the effect of this teaching method on improving the students’ performance and autonomy in solving the problem of learning English grammar under the flipped learning pattern.

The results showed the value and acceptability of the pattern along with traditional teaching methods and its impact on the performance and autonomy of problem-solving styles of learning English grammar among the students. It seemed to increase learners' confidence, too. Implementing the same research in different courses of different academic disciplines is suggested for future research.

Digital Divide refers to inequality in information and communication technology (ICT) which refers to inequality between the people who have access to digital technology and information and those who have very limited access or no access at all. Considering the fact that the Iranian education has entered the field of providing instruction in Corona pandemic conditions without having the necessary preparations and planning, examining the digital divide and knowing how to implement the instruction in these circumstances can improve the quality of instruction in schools. Accordingly, the current study was conducted with the intention of evaluating the amount of digital divide in the second secondary school education of Tabriz city in the condition of COVID-19 pandemic and identify the factors affecting it.

The descriptive survey research was used. The study population included all teachers and students of second secondary school education of Tabriz city in the second semester of the academic year of 2019- 2020 who were randomly selected using cluster-random sampling method in three schools from each of the five educational districts and the 12th grade class from each school.  The data were collected using the questionnaires of Hosseini et al. (2013), Gregg (2016), Zarei Zavaraki and Salemian (2015). The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by experts in this field. The reliability of the questionnaires was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for Hosseini et al. (2013), Grieg (2016), and Zarei Zavaraki and Salemian (2015) questionnaires which were calculated to be 0.796, 0.86, and 0.92, respectively. Multivariate Analysis of Variance, independent T-Test and Friedman Test were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that there is digital divide between the teachers of the five educational districts of Tabriz city only in the amount of access to ICT and the amount of the usage of computers during the day. However, there is a significant difference between students in five educational districts of Tabriz city in most dimensions of digital divide, access to ICT, the usage of computers during the day and the year, and the level of their skills in using ICT. Teachers, as compared to students, have more access to ICT in most educational districts of Tabriz, but students' attitudes, skills, and their usage of ICT is better than those of the teachers in most districts of Tabriz city. According to the results related to the effective factors on the digital divide from the perspective of the teachers, the shortage of technical, financial, and economic equipment, cultural, motivational- educational weakness, and the shortage of management and planning infrastructures have been identified as the most important and effective factors on creating the digital divide in second secondary school of Tabriz City.

According to the findings, the digital divide is evident in the second secondary school education of Tabriz city. It is essential that the Ministry of Education, in addition to equipping schools, sets up ICT centers in the disadvantaged areas for better access of teachers and students to ICT, as well as providing ICT-related skills training courses.

One of the most crucial objectives of education systems is to respond to students' learning, social and emotional needs, particularly in critical situations. Over the past two years, the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has been one of the most significant recent crises in education systems. As a result, most educational institutions are temporarily locked out, and many turn to e-learning. Although e-learning for some reasons such as; easy access at any time and place and reducing stress in the Covid-19  are gaining popularity; however, criticisms such as weaknesses in student evaluation,  harm interpersonal communication and its reduction, have been caused that receiving opinions, lived experiences and stakeholders' perceptions about the quality of teaching-learning in universities and evaluating its effectiveness has become one of the essential concerns for core stakeholders of education systems. If the teaching-learning process is not practical, it may affect students' sense of belonging to the university, their sense of worth, and even their mental and physical health, so evaluating the effectiveness of teaching-learning (especially in the electronic environment) situations is more important.  It can reduce some of the challenges we have today. Therefore, to evaluate the effectiveness of the process in the electronic environment, it is necessary first to define the concept and then identify the primary and critical factors affecting its successful implementation. At the same time, we live in an age where we deal with a huge bulk of knowledge and information. Everyday technological advances are increasing; consequently, teacher-centred education systems are no longer able to meet the learning needs of students. Therefore, paying attention and reinforcing the individual skills of learners such as self-monitoring, self-assessment, self-directed learning leads the individuals to pursue and learn what they need to know. Therefore, given the problem and its importance, this study was conducted to explain how effective e-learning based on self-directed learning was in the pandemic Corona crisis.

The research methodology is applied in terms of objective, and representations of data collection are descriptive-correlational. The study population consisted of all graduate students from the University of Tehran who studied between 1399 and 1400. Using the Cochran formula and stratified random sampling, 377 persons were selected as the statistical sample. The tools for collecting the required data included the elf-directed Learning Questionnaire and the e-learning effectiveness questionnaire. Content and construct validity were used to evaluate the e-learning effectiveness and self-directed learning questionnaire. The results showed that the model had a good fit. Finally, to analyze the data in the present study, t-test (to determine the status of research variables), Pearson correlation coefficient (to examine the simple relationship between research variables), stepwise regression, and finally confirmatory factor analysis (for validity), Structure and explanation of the role of variables) were used.

The results showed that 1) the self-directed learning and effectiveness of e-learning status are higher than average from the students' point of view. Among the components of self-directed learning, learning, motivation has the highest value, 2) self-directed learning and its components have a positive and significant relationship with the effectiveness of e-learning. Among the components of self-directed learning, learning motivation, planning, and executive abilities are the most related ones to the effectiveness of e-learning, and finally 3)  the result of stepwise regression indicates that self-directed learning and its components can explain about 30% of the effectiveness of students 'e-learning.

Therefore, since self-directed learning is an essential factor in learning effectiveness and improving the quality of students' learning in e-learning, students' self-direction programs can be strengthened in the form of strategies such as self-management training, self-regulation, increasing learning motivation, management, and planning in the implementation of teaching-learning activities in the e-environment and interpersonal communication skills and student interaction and participation. Learners who regulate their learning with specific targeting, monitoring, and planning strategies are better developed and more effective, but this seems more important in the e-learning environment. Perhaps this is because, in the e-learning environment, the learner is more responsible for his learning than in any traditional learning environment and should have more self-control and management.

E-learning as a direct consequence of the integration of technology and training has emerged as a powerful learning media, especially using the Internet technologies. Electronic learning is the use of remote communication technology to provide information for training and learning, which has become a new paradigm for modern education with the development of information and communication technology. The quality of e-learning is dependent on the size or the extent to which technology, interactions, content and services allows the learner and the teacher to work in accordance with their expectations in the learning environment and get satisfaction. Increasing the capabilities of e-learning and the possibility of realizing educational goals in this way  depend on considering its various dimensions and aspects  and paying attention to the factors influencing the e-learning system. By using the electronic content, a wider spectrum of the students' senses is involved in the  teaching-learning process and learning process is deeper and the motivation of the students is higher. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the quality of school education services  and the success of the e-learning systems with the perceived mediating role of satisfaction among the primary school male students in the first region.

The research method of this study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of the method and nature of the research is a descriptive study of correlation type. The statistical population of the study consisted of approximately 9,000 male students of the fifth and sixth grade of primary school in the first region of Mashhad  among whom 369 students were selected as statistical sample size, using Cochran sampling formula. The random sampling method is available. The most important research tool was a questionnaire. The research questionnaire  was derived from the research of Al-Ferries and colleagues. The formal and content validity of the questionnaire was examined and its compatibility was confirmed in the research of Al-Ferries and their colleagues. In the research of Al-Ferries  and colleagues, the reliability of the questionnaire was obtained, using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 85%. AMOS and SPSS software were used to analyze descriptive and inferential data.

According to the findings of the research, it can be said that the perceived satisfaction has an indirect and mediating effect on the dimensions of the quality of educational services and the perceived usefulness of the electronic learning system of the students. Moreover, the indirect effect of the perceived satisfaction in the relationship between the quality of the educational services and  the application of the students' electronic learning system was approved.

The results of the study show that  if the quality of school training has a desirable quality from different dimensions and the students can adapt themselves to the e-learning system, they will have a feeling of more perceived usefulness and effectiveness . The more satisfied are the students in various training services that they receive  (that is, high-quality technical system, teacher quality being up-to-date and  knowledgeable, the quality of comprehensive and accurate information and educational system support)  , the more they are most likely to use the e-learning system as the user. user more.

Organizational learning culture, job enthusiasm, and human resources are the most important factors in the development of an organization. Culture affects all human behavior and actions in all matters. Learning is effective in the survival and development of the organization. Manpower is known as a valuable and central asset for the organization. Due to the special circumstances of the present age, the importance of e-learning is felt more than ever. On the other hand, employees' desire for their job is one of the factors affecting the success and survival of the organization. Accordingly, this study has assessed the dimensions of organizational e-learning culture and its relationship with job enthusiasm of Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University staff.

This research is of descriptive correlational type with a practical purpose. Seven hypotheses were formulated to achieve the research goal. The statistical population included all university staff of 300 people. The statistical sample was selected using the random sampling method. To determine the sample size, the Morgan table was used, based on which 169 people were selected. The main tool of data collection to answer the research hypotheses was two standard questionnaires. The standard organizational learning culture questionnaire to evaluate the organizational e-learning culture consisted of 21 items out of seven components on a 5-point Likert scale and the standard job enthusiasm questionnaire to assess the job enthusiasm of university staff with 17 items out of three components with a 5-point Likert scale. Their validity was confirmed by experts and Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaires was 0.96 and 0.93, respectively. Out of 169 questionnaires distributed, 154 questionnaires had complete information that were finally analyzed. To select the appropriate statistical test and express the normal or abnormal data of the Kolmogorov - Smirnov test and to analyze the data in inferential statistics due to non-normal distribution of data from non-parametric (Spearman correlation coefficient) with the help of SPSS 24 software was used.

The research hypotheses in the inferential statistics section were analyzed using the Spearman correlation coefficient. The results showed that the correlation coefficient of all components of organizational e-learning culture with job enthusiasm of university staff was positive and significant, which were: creating continuous learning 0.467, promoting inquiry and dialogue 0.476, team learning 0.438, shared systems 0.455, empowering people 0.536, system connectedness 0.494 and provided leadership 0.430. The highest correlation coefficient was related to the empowering people component. Also, the correlation coefficient between all components of organizational e-learning culture and job enthusiasm was reported to be 0.537, which showed that there was a positive, significant and moderate correlation between the two variables.

The findings showed that organizational e-learning culture increases job enthusiasm and the relationship between organizational e-learning culture and job enthusiasm is positive and meaningful. Job enthusiasm helps to cultivate a positive learning culture in the organization, and in this way, in addition to maintaining human capital, organizations have motivated, responsible, and engaged employees. Therefore, improving and strengthening the culture of organizational e-learning can improve the job motivation of employees and cause organizational effectiveness.

Today, the creation of shared value between institutions, organizations and businesses is one of the important factors of economic growth and business development and improving stakeholder relations. Therefore, this study aimed to design and validate a tool to measure shared value creation in technology businesses with a practical purpose. The main goal of the researcher in the present study was to answer this question: what are the dimensions of the common value creation evaluation tool for technology businesses? The study further attempted  to design and validate psychometrics co-value creation tools for technology businesses.

The research adopted a mixed method (grounded theory). Qualitative statistical population consisted of CEOs and board members in the field of information technology and technology businesses and new technology-based businesses. Through purposeful sampling method in accordance with the law of saturation of opinions, 14 people were selected. Statistical community in the qantitative part included more than 2773 companies active in the information technology industry, which are available on the website (www.ictkey.ir) and, consequently, the same number of top and senior managers; Also, due to lack of accurate transparency of information about the statistical community and considering the sample size formula without a statistical population in terms of proportion of 408 first, second and third tier managers working in the field of technology businesses, especially in the field of IT&ICT and new areas of technology, the public and private institutions or companies in Tehran were included by simple random sampling. The primary tool was extensive study of theoretical foundations, previous research, related articles and interviews with experts, which eventually led to the design of the initial questionnaire. Then, face validity and quantitative and qualitative content were examined and its reliability was determined by Cronbach's alpha method and combined reliability with a value above 0.7. Finally, the confirmatory factor analysis of the mentioned tool was confirmed using SPSS21 and Samartpls3 software.

Findings indicate that in formal and quantitative validity content, the effects score of items less than 1.5 and content validity ratio less than 0.62 and content validity index less than 0.79 were removed, which included categories such as internal and external stakeholders, mental integrity and agreements, social psychology, resources and benefits, foresight & futurism, win-win cultural feature, analysis, initiation and pioneering. The results of confirmatory factor analysis test showed that the dimensions of shared value creation include 12 dimensions describing: interactive processes, technology performance/ functionality, customer focus, sustainable value, co-creation requirements, value creation, culture, decision making, economics, value learning, Policies and rules and regulations, opportunities and indicators include 28 components such as needs assessment/needs building, participation and production of shared value, satisfaction and indexable, operation of smart tools/tools, paradigm/technological view, customer, service-based, Based on continuous processes, and model and strategy, social and legal areas, infrastructure, information acquisition and sharing, policy/governance, value generation and absorption, stimulus, benefit sharing, cultural variable, online and up-to-date proposing system, financial, optimal consumption, investors, defining and applying the concept of value, university and higher education, fostering creative manpower, protecting intellectual property, government support policies, motivating and brainstorming individuals, creation opportunities.

In evaluating the validity of the structure, the factor load value of all items, appropriate values above 0.4, the reliability of both criteria (Cronbach's alpha, combined reliability), all dimensions above 0.7, the mean extracted variance and all dimensions greater than 0.5 were obtained and approved. Finally, the findings of this study indicated that the designed tool included 12 dimensions and 28 components that had appropriate and strong credibility and reliability and can be used to assess the joint co-creation of value in technological businesses for business excellence and development and creating a new business and economic environment.

Reverse classroom strategy is one of the new teaching-learning methods that has been able to attract the attention of many researchers and experts in recent years and is presented as a solution to overcome the problems and challenges. In addition, in the field of English language teaching, many experts have recently focused on teaching-learning strategies as an effective factor in language learning. Today, many specialists believe that learning language skills alone does not guarantee the success of language learners and the development of self-directed language learners is of high importance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of flipped teaching of learning strategies (cognitive and meta-cognitive) on learners' speaking proficiency and self-regulation.

This study was quasi-experimental using pre-test/post-test design consisting of experimental and control groups. The participants of this study included 120 intermediate language learners who were homogenized and divided into three experimental groups and one control group. The first experimental group was taught learning strategies (cognitive and metacognitive) through flipped classroom along with teaching the usual textbook at the institute. The second experimental group was taught the institute textbook through the flipped classroom method without combining the teaching of learning strategies. The third experimental group, while teaching the textbook, were taught learning strategies (cognitive and metacognitive) through the traditional classroom. The students of the control group were taught the textbook in the usual traditional way and not being taught any of the learning strategies. In order to assess speaking proficiency of the participants at the beginning and end of the treatment, common institute speaking tests that were designed based on the content of the textbook were used. The validity of the instrument was reviewed and confirmed by several experienced language instructors of the institute. The reliability of the instrument was measured by Cronbach's alpha and was reported to be 0.88. The learners' self-regulation was also assessed by the self-regulation questionnaire designed by Bofard et al. (1995). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance and two-way ANOVA.

Findings showed that flipped teaching of learning strategies had a positive and significant effect on improving students' speaking proficiency. The results also showed that the independent effects of two variables, i.e. flipped teaching and learning strategies on the level of self-regulation of learners were significant, while the interaction of these two independent variables was not significant. Furthermore, according to the results of Tukey post hoc test for the effect of flipped teaching method and also teaching learning strategies, it was found that the difference between the mean scores of self-regulations of all groups in relation to flipped teaching method and also teaching learning strategies was significant.

As a consequence, it is recommended to integrate CALL into traditional language classes in order to reach better learning outcomes. In addition, English learners mainly complain about the lack of interaction in the out-of-classroom environment, and flipped classrooms can address this need by providing interactive out-of-classroom communication environments.

The efforts of today's societies to keep up with the increasing changes in the field of technology have been extended to the field of education. The speed of change and development of technologies and its impact on educational processes, along with the challenges and opportunities of using new technologies have been witnesses in the realm of education. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of new technologies on future educational trends based on review studies on external resources, internal resources and interviews with educational experts.

This research has been done with a qualitative approach and content analysis method. The statistical population includes documents, articles, dissertations, video lectures and educational conferences, research projects and reports related to the research topic and accessible in the last two decades, as well as the results of semi-structured interviews conducted with 20 experts in the field of education in Ardabil province, Iran. The data are qualitatively coded, analyzed and categorized in a three-step "content analysis" method.

Findings of this study were compiled under the two main themes of "positive impact of technology on education" and "challenges of technology and education"; the first main theme was classified with 40 sub-themes and the second main theme with 34 sub-themes.The need to pay attention to the effects of technology on individual structures and opportunities, reducing costs, automated solutions and increasing efficiency, improving the teaching process, etc. can be part of the sub-themes obtained under the main theme of "positive impact of technology on education.” Also under the theme of challenges of technology and education, sub-themes of non-compliance of existing standards with emerging standards, the need for new ways and infrastructure to transfer education in future schools, cross-border technology, Internet expansion, culture-startup, how management of complexity and uncertainty, the state of adhesion and the influence of technology in the culture of society, etc. were obtained.

Attending to and planning for a systematic change in the future education system can be inferred from the findings of this study.